From the beginning of the 19th century, the kingdom fell into crisis, aggravated by the Peninsular War, and its direct consequence in the kingdom, the political crisis in Mexico in 1808, which ended with the government of Viceroy José de Iturrigaray and, later, gave rise to the Conspiracy of Valladolid and the Conspiracy of Querétaro. [96] Puebla was privileged in a number of ways, starting with its status as a Spanish settlement not founded on existing indigenous city-state, but with a significant indigenous population. "[113] Other types of goods they received on credit were textiles, hats, shoes, candles, meat, beans, and a guaranteed ration of maize. Most of the Hong Kong people of Chinese descent practice Chinese folk religion —which may include Confucian and Taoist doctrines and ritual traditions—or Buddhism, mostly of the Chinese variety.. A network of Spanish towns was established in this region of commercial agriculture, with Querétaro also becoming a center of textile production. [138] Production of cotton textiles, largely by Maya women, helped pay households' tribute obligations, but basic crops were the basis of the economy. New Spain was the New World terminus of the Philippine trade, making the kingdom a vital link between Spain's New World empire and its Asian empire. Because the Roman Catholic Church had played such an important role in the Reconquista (Christian reconquest) of the Iberian peninsula from the Moors, the Church in essence became another arm of the Spanish government. Between 1687 and 1700 several missions were founded in Trinidad, but only four survived as Amerindian villages throughout the 18th century. Die vorherrschende Religion des damaligen Indiens war der Vedismus, auch Brahmanismus genannt - nach der im indischen Kastensystem am höchsten gestellten Priestern, der Brahmanen. Management by the Audiencia, which was expected to make executive decisions as a body, proved unwieldy. For the indigenous in Oaxaca, cochineal was the only one "with which the [tributaries] maintain themselves and pay their debts" but it also had other advantages for them. Under Spanish rule, the Zapotecs not only survived, but flourished, unlike the other two. Civil architecture included the viceregal palace, now the National Palace, and the Mexico City town council (cabildo), both located on the main square in the capital. The specter of liberalism that could undermine the authority and autonomy of the Roman Catholic Church made the Church hierarchy in New Spain view independence in a different light. Offering forums, vocabulary trainer and language courses. It was on this basis that the conquest, occupation, and government of the [Spanish] New World was achieved.[3]. In an independent nation, the Church anticipated retaining its power. It brings together a wide range of scholarly fields and disciplines, ranging from historical to contemporary research, from linguistics to economics, from religious studies to sociology and political science. Tobacco was a valuable, high-demand product. In New Spain the high court was established in 1527, prior to the establishment of the viceroyalty. They were first introduced on a large scale in New Spain, by the Minister of the Indies José de Gálvez, in the 1770s, who originally envisioned that they would replace the viceregal system (viceroyalty) altogether. The crown strengthened the defenses of Veracruz and San Juan de Ulúa, Jamaica, Cuba, and Florida, but the British sacked ports in the late seventeenth century. This challenge persisted during the post-independence years until the late nineteenth-century construction of railroads. Die einzige Landgrenze ist die 243 km lange Grenze zum nördlichen Nachbarn Nordkorea. While different intendencies would perform censuses to get a detailed insight in regards to its inhabitants (namely occupation, number of persons per household, ethnicity etc. In Gert Naundorf et al., eds., Religion und Philosophie in Ostasien. During the period 1580–1640 when Spain and Portugal were ruled by the same monarch and Portuguese slave traders had access to Spanish markets, African slaves were imported in large numbers to New Spain and many of them remained in the region of Veracruz. [29] Products brought from Asia were sent to Acapulco then overland to Veracruz, and then shipped to Spain aboard the West Indies Fleets. There were two major ports in New Spain, Veracruz the viceroyalty's principal port on the Atlantic, and Acapulco on the Pacific, terminus of the Manila Galleon. Thus, the creation of the Council of the Indies became another, but extremely important, advisory body to the monarch. In 1776, a new northern territorial division was established, Commandancy General of the Provincias Internas known as the Provincias Internas (Commandancy General of the Internal Provinces of the North, Spanish: Comandancia y Capitanía General de las Provincias Internas). There was a high court Audiencia in the Kingdom of Guatemala. Zoque response was to take up being vaqueros themselves. Gezeigt werden die Länder China, Mongolei, Japan, Nordkorea, Südkorea und Taiwan. Cacao boomed in the late sixteenth century, and then was displaced by indigo as the most important export product. No elite Spaniards settled there, but like many other Indian towns in the Valley of Mexico, it had an assortment of small-scale merchants, artisans, farmers and ranchers, and textile workshops (obrajes).[109]. In the late 18th century the Bourbon dynasty began phasing out the corregidores and introduced intendants, whose broad fiscal powers cut into the authority of the viceroys, governors and cabildos. An American-born Spanish elite (criollos) accumulated land and built fortunes on wheat, sugar, and cattle, all of which were consumed within the region.[164]. [54], The Bourbon Reforms were not a unified or entirely coherent program, but a series of crown initiatives designed to revitalize the economies of its overseas possessions and make administration more efficient and firmly under control of the crown. In Guatemala, Santo Domingo and Nueva Galicia, these officials were called presiding governors, since they were leading royal audiences. Perhaps because the peninsula was uniform in its ecosystem local niche production did not develop. The at times, non-profitable war-torn Philippine colony survived on an annual subsidy paid by the Spanish Crown and often procured from taxes and profits accumulated by the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) mainly paid by annually sending 75 tons of precious Silver Bullion[37] gathered from and mined from Potosi, Bolivia where hundreds of thousands of Incan lives were regularly lost while being enslaved to the Mit'a system. [125], However, Oñate eventually learned that New Mexico, while it had a settled indigenous population, contained little arable land, had no silver mines, and possessed few other resources to exploit that would merit large scale colonization. Therefore, at the start of the 17th century, continental New Spain was a depopulated country with abandoned cities and maize fields. 3 screen shares for 3 different teaching scenarios; April 6, 2021. In 1670 Chichimecas invaded Durango, and the governor, Francisco González, abandoned its defense. Manuel Carrera Stampa, "La Nao de la China", The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (page xii). In 1789, a naval outpost called Santa Cruz de Nuca (or just Nuca) was established at Friendly Cove in Nootka Sound (now Yuquot), Vancouver Island. A Shinto priest explains the ancient Japanese religion – and the crucial, often forgotten role women played in keeping it alive after World War II. The gradual drying up of the central lake system created more dry land for farming, but the sixteenth-century population declines allowed Spaniards to expand their acquisition of land. [128] New Spain's Visitador General José de Gálvez replaced them with the Dominican Order in Baja California, and the Franciscans were chosen to establish new northern missions in Alta (upper) California. Miranda later ascribed this action on the part of Galvez to jealousy of Cajigal's success. Philadelphia, not New Spain, supplied Cuba with wheat. Der Buddhismus war die vorherrschende Religion vor der sozialistischen Zeit. Collective labor cultivated the confraternities' lands, which included raising the traditional maize, beans, and cotton. http:\/\/experiment.worldcat.org\/entity\/work\/data\/138884508#Series\/religion_und_aufklarung\/a>> # Religion und Aufkl\u00E4rung ;\/span> \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0\u00A0a bgn:PublicationSeries\/a> ; \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0 schema:hasPart\/a> http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/44769080\/a>> ; # Menschenrechte in Ostasien\/span> \u00A0\u00A0\u00A0 schema:name\/a> \" Religion und … ~CSIC riel 208 leg.14, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDolan1991 (, The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market Page 36, "The descendants of Mexican mestizos and native Filipinos were numerous but unaccounted for because they were mostly the result of informal liasons." The Viceroyalty of New Spain united many regions and provinces of the Spanish Empire throughout half a world. Mercene, Floro L. Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century. Die religiöse Lage in Ostasien. The tributes count the total founding population of Spanish-Philippines as 667,612 people,[22] of which: 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders,[23] at different times: around 16,500 individuals were Latino soldier-colonists who were cumulatively sent from Peru and Mexico and they were shipped to the Philippines annually,[24] 3,000 were Japanese residents,[25] and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe,[26] there was also a large but unknown number of Indian Filipinos, the rest of the population were Malays and Negritos. The settlement of Zacatecas was founded in 1547 deep in the territory of the nomadic and fierce Chichimeca, whose resistance to Spanish presence was the protracted conflict of the Chichimeca War.[18][19]. The crown sought to enhance its control and administrative efficiency, and to decrease the power and privilege of the Roman Catholic Church vis-a-vis the state. The 1660 rebellion can be a dividing line between the two later periods.[153]. In the economic sphere, unlike many other regions and ethnic groups in Mesoamerica, the Yucatec Maya did not have a pre-conquest network of regular markets to exchange different types of food and craft goods. No agreement could be reached and the northern boundary of New Spain remained unspecified until the Adams–Onís Treaty with the United States (1819). Brian R. Hamnett says that "José de Gálvez considered Oaxaca one of New Spain's richest provinces". Nonetheless, much of northern New Spain had sparse indigenous population and attracted few Europeans. "[117][118] Scholars in the United States have extensively studied this northern region, which became the states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. [135] There was an important sector of mixed-race "castas", some of whom were fully at home in both the indigenous and Hispanic worlds. Some of the most important early buildings in New Spain were churches and other religious architecture. Although the crown had ambitious plans for both the Toluca and Veracruz portions of the king's highway, actual improvements were limited to a localized network. Zeichen der Zukunft. The Bajío, a rich, fertile lowland just north of central Mexico, was nonetheless a frontier region between the densely populated plateaus and valleys of Mexico's center and south and the harsh northern desert controlled by nomadic Chichimeca. Once missions and protective presidios were established in an area, large land grants encouraged settlement and establishment of California ranchos. While the Peace with Honour of 1921recognized Japan's rule of her overseas territories, most importantly Korea, the situation in Japan was already critical well before the end of Weltkrieg. [111][112] For example, in 1775 the Spanish administrator of a San Luis Potosí estate "had to scour both Mexico City and the northern towns to find enough blue French linen to satisfy the resident employees. [129], The Yucatán peninsula can be seen as a cul-de-sac,[130] and it does indeed have unique features, but it also has strong similarities to other areas in the South. Silver mining not only became the engine of the economy of New Spain, but vastly enriched Spain and transformed the global economy. [89] The crown also set up warehouses to store up to a year's worth of supplies, including paper for cigarettes, for the manufactories. An earlier Audiencia had been established in Santo Domingo in 1526 to deal with the Caribbean settlements. The region farther north of the main mining zones attracted few Spanish settlers. [Note 4] Producing cochineal was time-consuming labor, but it was not particularly difficult and could be done by the elderly, women, and children. Both sides sought to define a northern boundary for New Spain. [61][62] In the aftermath, Spain, in order to ensure obedience to the empire, disconnected the Philippines from her Latin-American allies and placed in the Spanish army of the colony, Peninsulars from the mainland which displaced and angered the Latin American and Filipino soldiers who were at the Philippines.[63]. The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Spain control over the Louisiana part of New France including New Orleans, creating a Spanish empire that stretched from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean; but Spain also ceded Florida to Great Britain in order to regain Cuba, which the British occupied during the war. Eventually, the Crown declared the natives to be legal minors and placed under the guardianship of the Crown, which was responsible for their indoctrination. Die drei großen Weltreligionen entstanden alle im sogenannten „Vorderen Orient“ – das entspricht in etwa der Region, die wir heute als „Naher Osten“ bezeichnen. It was profitable, especially following the Bourbon Reforms, which allowed trade within the Spanish empire. West of Mexico City the settlement of Valladolid (Michoacan) was founded (1529–41). Spaniards with any ambition or connections would be lured by the closeness of Mexico City, so that the Spanish presence was minimal and marginal. In the Philippines Manila near the South China Sea was the main port. Not one of the religions is dominant, and each is affected by the others. straniak-philosophiepreis.ch. The Bourbons created a standing army in New Spain, beginning in 1764, and strengthened defensive infrastructure, such as forts. With the discovery of silver in the north, the Spanish sought to conquer or pacify those peoples in order to exploit the mines and develop enterprises to supply them. There were at least three separate, major epidemics that decimated the population: smallpox (1520 to 1521), measles (1545 to 1548) and typhus (1576 to 1581). Amerindians were taught the Roman Catholic religion and the language of Spain. The Spanish crown finally decided that road improvement was in the interests of the state for military purposes, as well as for fomenting commerce, agriculture, and industry, but the lack of state involvement in the development of physical infrastructure was to have lasting effects constraining development until the late nineteenth century. The Viceroy commissioned Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in the first Spanish exploration up the Pacific Ocean in 1542–1543. [83] Spaniards also settled in the temperate area of Orizaba, east of the Citlaltepetl volcano. Tariq Ramadan, einer der umstrittensten Kämpfer für die europäischen Muslime, begrüßte mit einem Handschlag Jürgen Habermas, den Cheftheoretiker der Neuen Unübersichtlichkeit. But confraternities also later pursued cattle ranching, as well as mule and horse breeding, depending on the local situation. Frankfurt am Main 2006. / Gentz, Joachim. Cacao and indigo were also important exports for the New Spain, but was used through rather the vice royalties rather than contact with European countries due to piracy, and smuggling. LEO.org: Ihr Wörterbuch im Internet für Englisch-Deutsch Übersetzungen, mit Forum, Vokabeltrainer und Sprachkursen. [38] Unfortunately, the silver mined through the cost of irreplaceable lives and being a precious metal, meaning a finite resource, barely made it to the starving or dying Spanish, Mexican, Peruvian and Filipino soldiers who were stationed in Presidios across the archipelago struggling against constant invasions while it was sought after by Chinese, Indian, Arab and Malay merchants in Manila who traded with the Latinos for their precious metal in exchange for Silks, Spices, Pearls and Aromatics, etc. Gold mining was an early draw for Spaniards, who directed indigenous labor to its extraction, but did not continue beyond the mid-sixteenth century. thesis, 2014), appendix 3. The other estate was the Duchy of Atlixco, granted in 1708, by King Philip V to José Sarmiento de Valladares, former viceroy of New Spain and married to the Countess of Moctezuma, with civil and criminal jurisdiction over Atlixco, Tepeaca, Guachinango, Ixtepeji and Tula de Allende. Auch indigene religiöse Traditionen nehmen mehr an … [148] It was also important to households and communities because it initially did not require the indigenous to displace their existing crops or migrate elsewhere.[149]. Baskes suggests the crown restricted its production to Oaxaca until 1819, which likely contributed to artificially high prices. Die Republik Korea (koreanisch: 대한민국, Hanja: 大韓民國, IPA [ˈtɛ̝ːɦa̠nminɡuk̚], revidierte Romanisierung: Daehan Minguk, McCune-Reischauer: Taehan Min’guk), meist Südkorea genannt, liegt in Ostasien und nimmt den südlichen Teil der Koreanischen Halbinsel ein. Andrés de Urdaneta discovered an efficient sailing route from the Philippine Islands to Mexico which took advantage of the Kuroshio Current. [68] European settlement and institutional life was built in the Mesoamerican heartland of the Aztec Empire in Central Mexico. [124] Oñate pioneered 'The Royal Road of the Interior Land' or El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro between Mexico City and the Tewa village of Ohkay Owingeh, or San Juan Pueblo. Teodoro de Croix (nephew of the former viceroy) was appointed the first Commander General of the Provincias Internas, independent of the Viceroy of New Spain, to provide better administration for the northern frontier provinces. Natürlich auch als App. Every privilege and position, economic political, or religious came from him. New Spain, officially the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Spanish: Virreinato de Nueva España Spanish pronunciation: [birejˈnato ðe ˈnweβa esˈpaɲa] (listen)), was an integral territorial entity of the Spanish Empire, established by Habsburg Spain during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. [3][4] The monarch had sweeping power in the overseas territories, The king possessed not only the sovereign right but the property rights; he was the absolute proprietor, the sole political head of his American dominions. Mexico City was the center of the Central region, and the hub of New Spain. To the east of the continent, it included the Spanish West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola (comprising the modern states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Trinidad, and the Bay Islands). Santiago de Cuba (1662), St. Augustine Spanish Florida (1665) and Campeche 1678 and so with the loss of Havana and Manila, Spain realized it needed to take significant steps. The motor of the Spanish colonial economy was the extraction of silver. Das großformatige Markenheftchen (Stamp Book) enthält 6 Heftchenblätter mit je einer Marke von MiNr. [64] In New Spain, these units generally corresponded to the regions or provinces that had developed earlier in the Center, South, and North. On the Cortés haciendas, blacks and mulattoes were essential to the profitability of the enterprises. Zürich 1957. Wer sich mit dem Buddhismus auseinander setzen möchte, ist vor allem in Ländern, wie Thailand, Myanmar, Kambodscha und Laos richtig. Stephanie Mawson, ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’ (Univ. They traded dried shrimp and fish, as well as purple dye from shells to Oaxaca, likely acquiring foodstuffs that they were unable to cultivate themselves. The Crown saw the intendants as a check on these other officers. This left only Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Spanish West Indies, and the Philippines in the Spanish East Indies as part of the Spanish Empire; until their loss to the United States in the Spanish–American War (1898). In colonial Mexico, encomenderos de negros were specialized middlemen during the first half of the seventeenth century. Devoid of settled indigenous populations in the early sixteenth century, the Bajío did not initially attract Spaniards, who were much more interested in exploiting labor and collecting tribute whenever possible. In the 1821 Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire, both Mexico and Central America declared their independence after three centuries of Spanish rule and formed the First Mexican Empire, although Central America quickly rejected the union. Cabrillo sailed far up the coast, becoming the first European to see present day California, United States. The Spanish called their overseas empire "the Indies" until the end of its empire, a remnant of Columbus's assertion that he had reached the Far East, rather than a New World. The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceded to France the vast territory that Napoleon then sold to the United States in 1803, known as the Louisiana Purchase. ... dessen Hauptroute den Mittelmeerraum auf dem Landweg über Zentralasien mit Ostasien verband. In the Bajío estate owners were evicting tenants in favor of renters better able to pay more for land, there was a disruption of previous patterns of mutual benefit between estate owners and renters. [158] In a pattern recognizable elsewhere, coastal populations were mainly African, including an unknown number of cimarrón (runaway slave) settlements, while inland the indigenous communities were more prominent. [131] There was three main Spanish settlements, the inland city of Mérida, where Spanish civil and religious officials had their headquarters and where the many Spaniards in the province lived. The Bajío developed in the colonial period as a region of commercial agriculture. Fray Bartolomé later repented when he saw the even worse treatment given to the black slaves. ~Europeans are included within the Mestizo category. Am 23. As a result, a second wave of missionaries began an effort to completely erase the old beliefs, which they associated with the ritualized human sacrifice found in many of the native religions, eventually putting an end to this practice common before the arrival of the Spaniards. Wahrsagen in Ostasien und Europa, Ausstellung im Germanischen Nationalmuseum, Nürnberg (3. On the mainland, the administrative units included Las Californias, that is, the Baja California peninsula, still part of Mexico and divided into Baja California and Baja California Sur; Alta California (present-day Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado, and southern Wyoming); (from the 1760s) Louisiana (including the western Mississippi River basin and the Missouri River basin); Nueva Extremadura (the present-day states of Coahuila and Texas); and Santa Fe de Nuevo México (parts of Texas and New Mexico).[8]. The Presidios (forts), pueblos (civilian towns) and the misiones (missions) were the three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial holdings in these territories. If there had been significant mineral wealth in Puebla, it could have been even more prominent a center for New Spain, but its first century established its importance. [172][173] Almost a century after the aforementioned census was made, Mexico's government has begun to conduct ethno-racial surveys again, with its results suggesting that the population growth trends for each major ethnic group haven't changed significantly since the 1793 census was taken. Katharine Bjork, "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815,", "In Governor Anda y Salazar’s opinion, an important part of the problem of vagrancy was the fact that Mexicans and Spanish disbanded after finishing their military or prison terms "all over the islands, even the most distant, looking for subsistence."" Note: Citations are based on reference standards. 300-301. These communities retained their land, indigenous languages, and distinct ethnic identities. The take-off for Puebla's manufacturing sector did not simply coincide with immigration from Brihuega but was crucial to "shaping and driving Puebla's economic development, especially in the manufacturing sector. The Zapotecs concluded an alliance with the Spaniards at contact, and they had already expanded their territory into Zoque and Huave regions. Sie bestand aus dem Generalgouvernement Amur , dem Pachtgebiet Kwantung und der restlichen Mandschurei . Aus verschiedenen religiösen Traditionen schöpfen, Zürich: Theologischer Verlag Zürich, 2008, pp. Open menu. Missions were established to convert the locals, and manage the agricultural industry. Suggest as a translation of "vorherrschende Religion" Copy; DeepL Translator Linguee. [101] But by the eighteenth century, Querétaro had displaced Puebla as the mainstay of woolen textile production.[102]. The loss of Mobile and Pensacola left the British with no bases along the Gulf Coast. Jahrtausends abgeschlossen . Asien, Teil von Eurasien, ist mit rund 44,6145 Millionen Quadratkilometern, etwa einem Drittel der gesamten Landmasse, der flächenmäßig größte Kontinent der Erde.Mit über vier Milliarden Menschen, ungefähr 60 Prozent der Weltbevölkerung, ist dieser Erdteil auch der einwohnerstärkste.. Menschheitsgeschichtlich spielte Asien früh eine wichtige Rolle. [5][6][7] At its greatest extent, the Spanish crown claimed on the mainland of the Americas much of North America south of Canada, that is: all of present-day Mexico and Central America except Panama; most of present-day United States west of the Mississippi River, plus the Floridas. Its personnel, livestock, cannons, and ammunition were transferred to Nuca.[56]. The Spanish crown created a system of convoys of ships (called the flota) to prevent attacks by European privateers. In the region, cultivation and processing was done by indigenous workers, but the owners of plantations, añileros, were Spanish. Therefore, the Viceroyalty's former territories included what is now the countries of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Belize, Costa Rica; the United States states and territories of California, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Puerto Rico, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Florida; a portion of the Canadian province of British Columbia; the Caribbean nations of Cuba, the Dominican Republic and some other parts of the island of Hispaniola to the West, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago; the Asia-Pacific nations of the Philippine Islands, Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau and Caroline Islands, as well as during a century the island of Tidore in Indonesia. Native-born descendants of the resident Spanish-heritage rancho grantees, soldiers, servants, merchants, craftsmen and others became the Californios. April, 21:16 Uhr melden; von Big-Ralle-loves-your-mum . ", "The Relaciónes Geográficas of the Spanish Indies, 1577–1648. After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532 opened up the vast territories of South America to further conquests, the Crown established an independent Viceroyalty of Peru there in 1542. The ports were fundamental for overseas trade, stretching a trade route from Asia, through the Manila Galleon to the Spanish mainland. Before, the Spanish-American War, the Philippines had an almost successful revolt against Spain under the uprising of Andres Novales which were supported by Criollos and Latin Americans who were the Philippines, mainly by the former Latino officers “americanos”, composed mostly of Mexicans with a sprinkling of creoles and mestizos from the now independent nations of Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina and Costa Rica. Upon his arrival, Viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza vigorously took to the duties entrusted to him by the King and encouraged the exploration of Spain's new mainland territories. José de Gálvez, now Minister of the Indies following his appointment as Visitor General of New Spain, briefed the newly appointed viceroy about reforms to be implemented. [159], In general, Tehuantepec was not a site of major historical events, but in 1660–61, there was a significant rebellion stemming from increased repartimiento Spanish demands. In the course of the 16th century, the native population in Mexico went from an estimated pre-Columbian population of 8 to 20 million to less than two million. "[139] Local Spanish clergy had no reason to object to the arrangement since much of the revenue went for payment for masses or other spiritual matters controlled by the priest. Memoiren Zu diesem Dokument 1. The 21 northern missions in present-day California (U.S.) were established along California's El Camino Real from 1769. Due to these, the Royal Fiscal of Manila wrote a letter to King Charles III of Spain, in which he advises to abandon the colony, but this was successfully opposed by the religious and missionary orders that argued that the Philippines was a launching pad for further conversions in the Far East.